‘How Science Works’ (HSW) is the term currently used for that part of the school science curriculum where students are taught the thinking and practical skills that have led to progress in science.

Microbiology lends itself well to the investigative approach.

Investigations in primary science will largely take place in classrooms, and no expertise in aseptic technique is expected.

When students start secondary school, no expertise in aseptic technique is expected, but they will be taught this as they progress through the school.

Pupils should be taught: conception, growth, development, behaviour and health can be affected by diet, drugs and disease.

Microbial resistance to antibiotics and the importance of microbes in the environment, particularly those in the nitrogen cycle.

Students who have chosen to study biology in post-16 courses should have substantial knowledge and understanding of microbiology from their KS4 studies.